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Eugene Richard
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Earth's Magnetism
Copyright Eugene D. Richard TX-6-266-166 2005
Introduction
This is an attempt to put my theories into a logical order and connect the various parts. This document is an attempt to make them simple as possible so that they might be of use, in part at least, by high school physics, geology, and environmental science classes.
Chapter 1
Type of Magnetism Utilized in this Article
Magnetism includes micromagnetism as well as magnetism involving astronomical bodies. However, I will restrict my discussion to magnetism types that are produced by a direct current running through a wire or charges moving within the earth.
An example might be electrons moving eastward in a copper wire. If one grasps the wire with his left hand, the direction of the magnetism is in the direction his fingers are pointing. If one would place a sensitive compass over the wire, then the north seeking needle points away from the experimenter. This is a qualitative determinative of magnetism. When applied to the earth it is classified as a normal field. In other words, if one places a north seeking compass at the equator and the needle points north then the earth has a normal field. If the needle points to the south then the earth’s field is a reverse field. Thus one can safely say that there is a south magnetic pole at the north geographic pole and a north magnetic pole at the south geographic pole for a normal field. The north magnetic pole is defined as the location on the surface of the earth where magnetism is emerging from the earth and the south magnetic pole is the location on the earth where magnetism is entering the earth.
Now if we one connect the two ends of the copper wire together with current flowing in the eastward direction then magnetism flows through the interior of the loop and outside in a continuous circle. This is similar to the field in the earth produced by electrons moving eastward due to the earth’s rotation: the earth’s magnetism flows through the earth then around the earth in a circular manner.
Magnetism is also produced by positive charges rotating in the earth. For every electron produced there is also a positive charge produced. For positive charges one uses the right hand rule. Therefore for positive charges moving eastward the magnetic field is opposite in direction to the field produced by electrons. This can be visualized by holding both fists together with the palms facing each other and with the thumbs pointing eastward. Since the fingers are oppositely curled, the fields produced in the earth by the two types of charges are oppositely directed.
The magnetism of the earth depends on which type of charge predominates. If the field is a normal field then the electrons are the predominating factor. Since electrons can exist in a gas, a solid, or a liquid, the electron cloud which exists in the earth is really a spherically shaped cloud where the electrons nearest the center and at the equator predominate in the production of the earth’s magnetic field. It is important to note that the electrons within the earth move in a relative way as a result of the rotation of the earth. Additionally, the electrons in the spherical cloud can move radially inward and outward. If they move radially outward then the normal field is reduced. If they move radially inward then the magnetic field is increased. The electron cloud is in equilibrium with the heat energy pushing them outward and the electrostatic force between the electrons and the positive charges in the center of the earth pulling them inward. The electrons are subjected to two types of motion: one is a rotary motion with a 24-hour cycle and the other motion is a radial motion which has a cycle of thousands of years and depends on the internal heat of the earth.
Chapter 2
Earth's Magnetism
Repeated ionization and separation of charges under the influence of the earth’s rotation produces two magnetic fields: one field due to electrons (normal field) and the other field (reverse field) due to positive charges. This explanation of the earth’s magnetic field requires that a lot of questions be answered. The first is which field predominates and why? Presently the normal field predominates because of the internal heat of the earth. As this heat increases so will the ionization and separation of charges as well as the number of positive charges and negative charges. However the increase of negative charges (electrons) will be negated by the outward radial movement of the electron cloud. This radial increase (outward motion) in size of the electron cloud causes a decrease in the normal field which will eventually lead to a reversal.
An explanation of why the field decreases with increase in radial position of the electron cloud is found in the simple definition of magnetism: “magnetism is produced by motion of charges relative to the observer”. For charges on the surface of the earth there is no magnetism produced because the charges move at the same rate of rotation as the observer. Charges at half the depth of the earth move at half the rate of rotation of a particle on the surface. At the center of the earth, the charges move at the same rate of rotation of a particle on the surface of the earth. As a result, when the electron cloud moves radially outward the magnetic effect of the cloud decreases.
The above phenomenon is a cause of magnetic reversal. To expand on this idea, assume that the electron cloud moves outward enough to cause the magnetic field to reverse. The cooling period (reverse field) will cause the electron cloud to move radially inward which results in an increase in magnetism. This inward motion continues until another reversal (normal field) occurs. The time frame involved may be as short as a few thousand years or as long as millions of years. To reiterate, the increase of internal heat in the earth causes the electron cloud to move outward resulting in a reversal to a reverse field. Therefore one can theorize that the electron cloud driven by the internal heat of the earth initiates magnetic reversals.
Why does the internal heat of earth change? Figure 1 shows the normal field with a magnified view of the three vectors where the normal field vector points inward (into the page). Any motion of charges in a magnetic field is subject to an induced force except charges moving parallel in either direction to the magnetic field. These three vectors are related to the mass spectrometry formula with the induced force pointing downward. This induced force is present when there is a velocity vector in a magnetic field. If one considers the rotation of the earth, the positive ions have a velocity range from maximum to zero as they move through the magnetic field. It is unknown at this time the magnitude of the total force or the direction it has. However, a component of the force is involved with the liquid core. The ions in the solid core only add heat (heat is a form of energy that molecular of matter have because of their motion) to the interior of the earth and cause global heating on the surface of the earth. The force on atoms in the liquid core causes the liquid core to rotate faster than the surface of the earth rotates. This motion causes the solid core also to rotate faster then the surface rotates, a fact has been experimentally verified and recorded in the literature. When a magnetic reversal occurs, the source of heat is eliminated, which will lead to global cooling on the surface of the earth.
Chapter 3
Verifications and Considerations
Consider the logic of the above theories. Global cooling (an ice age) occurred at least 2.2 billion years ago. Subsequent periods of heating and cooling have occurred. I theorize that an electron cloud causes the switching from heating to cooling and vice versa. What causes the electron cloud to move spherically inward or outward? The answer is perhaps that the electron cloud controls the internal heat of the earth. The electron cloud may act as a regulating mechanism to prevent the interior of the earth from getting too hot or too cool and of course these changes are reflected on the crust of the earth.
How can the two fields have magnetic magnitudes that are almost quantitatively equal? If one drags a sensitive magnetometer behind a ship and measures the magnitude of the magnetic field as one crosses the spreading mid-ocean ridge one observes varying magnitudes. When the average field is subtracted from the magnetometer record one gets positive and negative values. When compared to records obtained from land there is agreement. The observations show that the normal field is nearly equal in magnitude to the reverse field. But how can this be? It may be because the positive and negative charges in the center of the earth are approximately equal in number and the electron cloud is outside of the region where the positive charges are located (Figure 1).
It is time to invoke the subject of relativity. Magnetism is due to relative motion between the observer and the moving charges. AT the surface of the earth the observer is moving at same speed as the charges. Therefore there is no magnetism. The positive charges in the center of the earth have a higher relative velocity than the electrons in the electron cloud Therefore there is a difference in the magnitude of magnetism due to the difference in distance from the observer. In other words the positive charges are relatively moving faster than the electrons in the electron cloud and there is a difference in magnetism between the two fields even though the two fields have approximately the same number of charges. The field due to positive charges is increased because of relativity.
Additional evidence that this theory is consistent with what is happening on earth at present is that there are patches of reversed field occurring at the north geographic pole. Also there is increased evidence of global heating on earth which causes an increase of glacial melting and increase of severity of global turbulence such as hurricanes and earth quakes. These are indications that a reversal of polarity is imminent with a cooling period to follow. The theory indicates that the electron cloud is moving radially outward with a decreasing normal magnetic field which is also occurring. The theory seems to fit the facts exactly.
Problems
1. An astronaut is standing on a planet of radius 10,000 meters. The planet makes one revolution in 20 hours. What is his space speed in meters per second as he rotates? What is the relative velocity of a stone at his feet? What is the relative velocity at the center of the planet? What is space speed at ½ radius? What is
the relative velocity at ½ radius?
2. What is the temperature at the boundary between the crust and the liquid core? What is the temperature between the liquid core and the solid core? What is your guess for the temperature at the center of the solid core for normal field and reverse field?
3. Using the mass spectrometry formula for induced force, under what conditions would there be no induced force exerted on a positive charge as it
proceeds through the magnetic field?
4. Which field (Normal or Reverse) would be significantly larger if it were not for relativity?
5. In which part (mantel, liquid core, or solid core) is heating and cooling initiated?
6. Where in the earth is the magnetism very intense?
7. If the earth’s magnetic field had reversed and you placed a north seeking magnetic compass on the equator, in which direction would it point?
8. Under what conditions will the electron cloud be eliminated in the earth?
9. Where on the earth would positive charges have a velocity of zero?
10. What is the principal difference between the magnetic fields of the earth and sun?
Answers
1. .87m/sec
0.0
.87m/sec
.435m/sec
.435m/sec
2. 5000 degrees Celsius
5000 degrees Celsius
5500 degrees Celsius
4500 degrees Celsius
3. Only if the positive charges are moving parallel to the magnetic field in either direction.
4. Normal field would be significantly larger than the reverse.
5. Solid core.
6. In the very center of the earth and the path through the earth between the two magnetic poles of the earth.
One is due to the reverse field the other to the normal field.
7. It would point to the south magnetic pole which would be located near the south geographic pole.
8. If the temperature of the earth and all interior parts (liquid core and solid core) went to absolute zero.
9. On axis of rotation.
10. The Sun uses nuclear energy to cause reversals and the earth uses heat (conventional) energy.
Addendum
If we blame global warming on burning of fossil fuels, then what is the blame for global warming for the times before the industrial revolution? Global warming has been going on for thousands of years before the present times, for example what type of warming existed to get rid of the ice age which covered the areas near the two geographical poles to a depth of miles. This is a condition that has persisted since the last magnetic reversal which occurred about 1,000,000 years ago.
Previous to that time, there have been regular reversals on the order of a few thousand of years for the last 5,000,000 years. Prior to that time the evidence is not too accurate. However there is evidence of a glacial period that had occurred about 2,200,000,000 years ago and of course there had to be a resulting global warming period after that global cooling period. This reasoning leads us to believe that global warming and cooling is part of the planet’s normal cycling. The next question is what is the cause of this normal cycling? The answer to that question can be found in the previous article, “Earth’s Magnetism”.
Now
let’s elaborate on the article previously mentioned. To have a cyclic behavior
one must have a cause for this cyclic behavior and the cause of this cyclic
behavior is the magnetic field of the earth.
The
Now let’s discuss the electron cloud. The electron cloud is really a spherical shell of
electrons which can move inward or outward depending on whether there is warming or cooling in the interior of the earth. If warming, then the electrons making up the electron cloud is the source of the magnetism of the Normal field; if cooling, then the positive charges in the interior of the earth is the source of magnetism of the Reverse field. As the earth rotates on its axis of rotation, the electron cloud will be most effective for production of magnetism where the electrons are on or near the equator. The electrons on or near the axis of rotation will be the least effective in producing a magnetic field. However the electrons will be distributed spherically and uniformly around the center of the earth. These electrons are under the influence of the heat of the interior of the earth pushing them outward and also the electrostatic force due to positive charges in the center of the earth pulling them inward. Therefore the electrons will respond to an electrostatic force of repulsion individually or as a group which is perpendicular to radius. Also electrons can be shown to move up or down in a metal rod, why not the same for interior of earth?
Finally
let’s discuss the electron cloud which is spherically and uniformly
distributed around the center of the earth. These electrons are responsible for
the normal magnetic field of the earth. These electrons when subjected to enough
heat energy from the center of the earth will cause a reversal from
The above Addendum is not individually copy righted, however the information therein could be covered by other copyrights obtained previously by the author.
Proof-readers:
Robert P. Jones
Carolyn R. Abell
Paper submitted for publication on October 15, 2005
Copyright Eugene D. Richard TX-6-266-166 2005